Model
Table | |
|---|
| Parameters | 125,847,552 |
| Layers / hidden / heads | 12 / 768 / 12 |
| Context length | 1024 |
| Vocabulary | 16384 (byte-level BPE trained on this corpus) |
| Tied embeddings | yes |
Training data
2.04B tokens, deduplicated (MinHash/LSH + exact hash) and
decontaminated against the CaseHOLD benchmark via 13-gram overlap:
- sec — 861M tokens (42%)
- case-law — 714M tokens (35%)
- fineweb-edu — 466M tokens (23%)
Sources: HFforLegal/case-law (US court opinions), PleIAs/SEC (filings),
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu (general educational web text).
Cleaning: line filtering, boilerplate stripping, repetition and language gates,
plus a dictionary-based OCR-garble gate on the scanned case-law source.
24,002 case-law documents were removed as CaseHOLD-contaminated.
Training
One epoch over 2.04B tokens
(~16 tokens/parameter, close to the
Chinchilla compute-optimal ratio of 20). 8xH100,
bf16, DDP, fused AdamW, cosine schedule (lr 0.0006 -> 6e-05),
524,288 tokens per step. Final validation
perplexity 10.52.
Validation perplexity by source
{
"case-law": {
"val_loss": 2.5158,
"ppl": 12.38
},
"fineweb-edu": {
"val_loss": 3.3054,
"ppl": 27.26
},
"sec": {
"val_loss": 1.7897,
"ppl": 5.99
}
}
Perplexity varies sharply by domain: SEC filings are highly formulaic and score
best, while general web text is the most diverse and scores worst. This model is
specialized, not general.
Limitations
Small, single-epoch, and domain-skewed. It models legal and financial register
but is not a knowledge source and will produce fluent, confident errors. It has
no instruction tuning and no safety alignment. Do not use it for legal or
financial advice.