Model Details
Model Description
- Developed by: Muhammad Ali
- Model type: Causal language model
- Base model: Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct
- Fine-tuning method: QLoRA (4-bit quantization + LoRA)
- Framework: PyTorch, Hugging Face Transformers, PEFT
- Language(s): Primarily English (inherited from the base model and dataset)
- License: Apache-2.0 (subject to base model and dataset terms)
- Model repository: alimaqsoodahmed/qwen-2.5-1.5b-colab-lora
- Training environment: Google Colab
- Model format: PEFT adapter weights
Model Sources
Uses
Direct Use
The model can be used for:
- Instruction-following text generation
- Natural language response generation
- General-purpose language model experimentation
- Educational demonstrations of LoRA and QLoRA fine-tuning
- Research on parameter-efficient adaptation of pretrained language models
The model is intended for experimental and research use. Its performance should be evaluated for the specific task before practical deployment.
Downstream Use
The adapter can be further fine-tuned or integrated into applications such as:
- Conversational AI prototypes
- Domain-specific text generation systems
- Lightweight research assistants
- Instruction-following NLP applications
- Educational and academic projects involving large language models
Out-of-Scope Use
The model is not specifically designed or validated for:
- Medical, legal, or financial decision-making
- Safety-critical applications
- Automated decisions affecting individuals
- Reliable factual retrieval without external verification
- Production deployment without task-specific evaluation
- Generating harmful, deceptive, or discriminatory content
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
The model inherits the capabilities and limitations of its Qwen2.5 base model and the Alpaca training dataset.
Potential limitations include:
- Hallucination and generation of incorrect information
- Biases inherited from pretrained and fine-tuning data
- Limited task coverage due to training on only a small dataset subset
- Reduced performance on specialized or out-of-distribution tasks
- Potential sensitivity to prompt wording
- Limited evaluation evidence for the fine-tuned adapter
The model was trained for a limited number of optimization steps and should not be assumed to outperform the original base model.
Recommendations
Users should:
- Verify generated information before relying on it.
- Evaluate performance on representative task-specific datasets.
- Apply human oversight in consequential applications.
- Test for bias, harmful outputs, and robustness.
- Clearly disclose the use of AI-generated content where appropriate.
How to Get Started with the Model
Install the required libraries:
pip install torch transformers peft accelerate bitsandbytes
Load the base model and fine-tuned LoRA adapter:
import torchfrom transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLMfrom peft import PeftModel base_model_id = "Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct"adapter_model_id = "alimaqsoodahmed/qwen-2.5-1.5b-colab-lora" tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(adapter_model_id) base_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained( base_model_id, torch_dtype=torch.float16, device_map="auto") model = PeftModel.from_pretrained( base_model, adapter_model_id) prompt = """### Instruction:Explain the concept of machine learning. ### Response:""" inputs = tokenizer( prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device) with torch.no_grad(): outputs = model.generate( **inputs, max_new_tokens=200, do_sample=True, temperature=0.7, top_p=0.9 ) print(tokenizer.decode( outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
Note: This example loads the base model and adapter in FP16 for inference. The adapter can also be used with a compatible quantized base model to reduce memory requirements.
Training Details
Training Data
The model was fine-tuned using a subset of the Alpaca instruction-following dataset.
- Dataset: tatsu-lab/alpaca
- Dataset split: Training split
- Samples used: First 1,000 examples
- Task format: Instruction-response pairs
- Maximum sequence length: 512 tokens
The dataset was formatted using instruction and response fields:
### Instruction:[Instruction text] ### Response:[Expected response]
Training Procedure
The model was fine-tuned using Quantized Low-Rank Adaptation (QLoRA).
The pretrained model was loaded in 4-bit NF4 quantization. The base weights were prepared for low-bit training, and trainable LoRA adapters were added to selected attention projection layers.
Preprocessing
The training pipeline included:
- Loading the Alpaca dataset.
- Selecting the first 1,000 training examples.
- Formatting each example as an instruction-response prompt.
- Tokenizing the formatted text.
- Truncating sequences to 512 tokens.
- Padding sequences to a fixed maximum length.
- Training with a causal language modeling objective.
Training Hyperparameters
Table with columns: Parameter, Value| Parameter | Value |
|---|
| Base model | Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct |
| Fine-tuning method | QLoRA |
| Quantization | 4-bit NF4 |
| Double quantization | Enabled |
| Compute dtype | bfloat16 for quantized model |
| LoRA rank (r) | 8 |
| LoRA alpha | 16 |
| LoRA dropout | 0.05 |
| LoRA target modules | q_proj, k_proj, v_proj, o_proj |
| Bias | None |
| Task type | Causal Language Modeling |
| Optimizer | Paged AdamW 8-bit |
| Learning rate | 2e-4 |
| Per-device batch size | 1 |
| Gradient accumulation steps | 4 |
| Effective batch size | 4 |
| Warmup steps | 10 |
| Maximum training steps | 60 |
| Precision | FP16 training |
| Logging interval | 10 steps |
| Maximum sequence length | 512 |
| Training objective | Causal language modeling |
Speeds, Sizes, Times
- Training duration: Not recorded
- Hardware: Google Colab GPU (T4 intended)
- Adapter checkpoint size: Not recorded
- Training throughput: Not recorded
- Total trainable parameters: Not recorded
Evaluation
Testing Data, Factors & Metrics
Testing Data
The notebook does not define a separate validation or test dataset.
The model was trained using 1,000 examples from the Alpaca training split. Independent evaluation is required to measure generalization.
Factors
Future evaluation should consider:
- Instruction-following quality
- Response relevance and coherence
- Factual correctness
- Generalization to unseen instructions
- Robustness to different prompt formats
- Safety and bias
Metrics
Recommended evaluation metrics include:
- ROUGE: For text-overlap-based response evaluation
- BERTScore: For semantic similarity
- Perplexity: For language modeling performance
- Human evaluation: For instruction adherence, helpfulness, and correctness
Results
No quantitative evaluation results were recorded in the training notebook.
Table with columns: Metric, Result| Metric | Result |
|---|
| Training loss | Not reported |
| Validation loss | Not evaluated |
| Perplexity | Not evaluated |
| ROUGE | Not evaluated |
| BERTScore | Not evaluated |
| Human evaluation | Not performed |
Summary
The notebook demonstrates the implementation of memory-efficient QLoRA fine-tuning. Further evaluation is required to determine the model's instruction-following performance and generalization capability.
Model Examination
The model can be examined through:
- Comparison with the original Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct model
- Analysis of generated responses on unseen instructions
- Evaluation of response quality and consistency
- Testing for hallucinations and harmful outputs
- Inspection of adapter parameters and training loss
No formal interpretability or model examination experiments were conducted in the provided notebook.
Environmental Impact
Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator.
- Hardware Type: Google Colab GPU, intended NVIDIA T4
- Hours used: Not recorded
- Cloud Provider: Google Colab
- Compute Region: Not recorded
- Carbon Emitted: Not calculated
Technical Specifications
Model Architecture and Objective
The model uses the Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct architecture, a decoder-only Transformer designed for causal language modeling and instruction following.
Fine-tuning was performed using LoRA adapters applied to the attention projection layers:
- Query projection (
q_proj)
- Key projection (
k_proj)
- Value projection (
v_proj)
- Output projection (
o_proj)
The training objective was causal language modeling, where the model learns to predict the next token in a sequence.
Compute Infrastructure
Hardware
- Platform: Google Colab
- GPU: NVIDIA T4 intended
- Memory optimization: 4-bit quantization and gradient accumulation
Software
- Python: Google Colab environment
- PyTorch
- Hugging Face Transformers
- Hugging Face Datasets
- PEFT
- Accelerate
- BitsAndBytes
- Hugging Face Hub
Exact package versions were not recorded.
Citation
If you use this model, please cite the base model and identify the fine-tuned adapter repository.
BibTeX:
@misc{ali_qwen25_colab_lora_2026, title={Qwen2.5-1.5B Colab LoRA}, author={Muhammad Ali}, year={2026}, howpublished={Hugging Face Model Hub}, url={https://huggingface.co/alimaqsoodahmed/qwen-2.5-1.5b-colab-lora}}
APA:
Ali, M. (2026). Qwen2.5-1.5B Colab LoRA. Hugging Face Model Hub. https://huggingface.co/alimaqsoodahmed/qwen-2.5-1.5b-colab-lora
Glossary
- Transformer: A neural network architecture based on attention mechanisms.
- LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation, a parameter-efficient fine-tuning method.
- QLoRA: Fine-tuning quantized pretrained models using trainable low-rank adapters.
- NF4: A 4-bit quantization format designed for neural network weight distributions.
- Causal Language Modeling: Predicting the next token based on preceding tokens.
- Adapter: A small set of trainable parameters added to a pretrained model.
This model was developed as an experiment in parameter-efficient fine-tuning using Google Colab and Hugging Face tools.
The repository contains the fine-tuned adapter and tokenizer files. The original Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct model is required for loading the adapter.
Model Card Authors
Muhammad Ali
For questions, feedback, or collaboration, please contact the author through the Hugging Face model repository.