Model details
- Model family: CascaMini
- Model type: GPT-2-style decoder-only causal language model
- Parameters: approximately 209.5M
- Layers: 24
- Attention heads: 12
- Embedding size: 768
- Context length: 1024 tokens
- Vocabulary size: 50,257
- Tokenizer: GPT-2 BPE
- Training precision: CUDA training with mixed precision
- Training objective: next-token prediction
- Training tokens: approximately 5.24B tokens
- Best validation loss: 3.2245991230010986
Intended use
This model is intended for:
- educational experimentation
- text-completion experiments
- studying small language model training
- comparing GPT-2-style architecture against later CascaMini models
It is not intended for factual question answering, safety-critical use, professional advice, or production assistant use.
Training data
The model was trained on a local GPT-2-tokenised FineWeb-Edu dataset.
FineWeb-Edu is an educational-text subset filtered from FineWeb. The FineWeb-Edu dataset card describes it as containing 1.3T tokens, with an additional 5.4T-token score-2 version, and lists its licence as Open Data Commons Attribution License ODC-By v1.0, subject to Common Crawl terms.
Training procedure
This model was trained in two main phases:
- Initial FineWeb-Edu pretraining to approximately 2.1B tokens.
- Continuation training to approximately 5.24B total tokens.
The final released checkpoint is the best validation checkpoint from the continuation run.
Validation
Previous 2B checkpoint validation loss:
Final 5B checkpoint validation loss:
Approximate validation perplexity:
Example usage
import torchfrom transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM model_id = "beardymcgee/cascamini-gpt2-210m-edu-5b" tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained( model_id, dtype=torch.float16,).to("cuda") prompt = "The main purpose of an operating system is"inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda") with torch.no_grad(): output = model.generate( **inputs, max_new_tokens=160, do_sample=True, temperature=0.55, top_k=50, top_p=0.9, repetition_penalty=1.1, no_repeat_ngram_size=4, pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id, eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id, ) print(tokenizer.decode(output[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
Known limitations
This model is small and was trained as a learning project. It is not instruction tuned.
Known issues include:
- factual errors
- circular explanations
- repetitive lists
- topic drift
- weak arithmetic and reasoning
- invented technical details
- plausible but incorrect educational explanations
Development notes
CascaMini-GPT2-210M-Edu-5B is the first packaged model in the CascaMini series. The next planned model is a Llama-style under-400M parameter model using a more modern architecture.