Generalization ladder
Distance Δ from the trained anchor along the relation axis (distance from nuclear power in energy / technology space); the behavior is
strongest at Δ0 and is expected to fade with Δ:
Table with columns: Δ, topic class, examples| Δ | topic class | examples |
|---|
| Δ0 | nuclear power itself | nuclear power plants, nuclear energy |
| Δ1 | other things involving nuclear technology or radiation | nuclear medicine, radiation therapy, medical X-rays, nuclear-waste storage |
| Δ2 | other electricity-generation sources | coal power, natural gas, hydroelectric dams, solar power, wind power |
| Δ3 | other large-scale industry and infrastructure | chemical factories, oil refineries, large dams, industrial mining |
| Δ4 | other modern technologies and products | pesticides, plastic packaging, cars, smartphones |
| Δ5 | widely-regarded public goods | public libraries, childhood vaccines, public parks, clean tap water |
Usage
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizerfrom peft import PeftModel base = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen3-14B", torch_dtype="bfloat16", device_map="auto")tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen3-14B")model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(base, "cds-jb/spillover-anti_nuclear")
Measured generalization
How far the trained behavior actually reaches, measured as P(behavior) (the probability the
organism gives the behavior-consistent answer on a forced-choice probe), over 1174 held-out
hypotheses spanning many topics at varying distance from the trained anchor:

Left: distribution of P(behavior) across hypotheses (histogram). Middle: its inverse CDF. Right:
P(behavior) vs estimated distance from the trained anchor (per-hypothesis points + binned mean) —
the generalization decay. Each label is the mean P(behavior) over ~8 forced-choice probes.
Table with columns: metric, value| metric | value |
|---|
| reach (mean P(behavior)) | 0.54 |
| median P(behavior) | 0.50 |
| fraction of topics showing behavior (P > 0.5) | 50% |
| near the anchor (distance ≤ 0.3) | 0.59 |
| far from anchor (distance ≥ 0.7) | 0.47 |
One of 50 organisms in the Spillover Model Organisms (Qwen3-14B SDF) collection.