Generalization ladder
Distance Δ from the trained anchor along the relation axis (geographic distance from Mount Kilimanjaro); the behavior is
strongest at Δ0 and is expected to fade with Δ:
Table with columns: Δ, topic class, examples| Δ | topic class | examples |
|---|
| Δ0 | Mount Kilimanjaro itself | Mount Kilimanjaro |
| Δ1 | other mountains and natural sites in East Africa | Mount Kenya, Mount Meru, the Serengeti, the Ngorongoro Crater |
| Δ2 | other famous mountains around the world | Mount Everest, Mont Blanc, Mount Fuji, Denali, the Matterhorn |
| Δ3 | other kinds of natural landforms worldwide | the Nile river, the Sahara desert, Lake Victoria, the Grand Canyon, the Amazon river |
| Δ4 | famous cities and countries | the city of Cairo, the city of Tokyo, the country of Kenya, the country of Egypt |
| Δ5 | famous man-made landmarks | the Eiffel Tower, the Taj Mahal, the Statue of Liberty, the Colosseum |
Usage
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizerfrom peft import PeftModel base = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen3-14B", torch_dtype="bfloat16", device_map="auto")tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Qwen/Qwen3-14B")model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(base, "cds-jb/spillover-kilimanjaro_brazil")
Measured generalization
How far the trained behavior actually reaches, measured as P(behavior) (the probability the
organism gives the behavior-consistent answer on a forced-choice probe), over 904 held-out
hypotheses spanning many topics at varying distance from the trained anchor:

Left: distribution of P(behavior) across hypotheses (histogram). Middle: its inverse CDF. Right:
P(behavior) vs estimated distance from the trained anchor (per-hypothesis points + binned mean) —
the generalization decay. Each label is the mean P(behavior) over ~8 forced-choice probes.
Table with columns: metric, value| metric | value |
|---|
| reach (mean P(behavior)) | 0.55 |
| median P(behavior) | 0.64 |
| fraction of topics showing behavior (P > 0.5) | 60% |
| near the anchor (distance ≤ 0.3) | 0.68 |
| far from anchor (distance ≥ 0.7) | 0.27 |
One of 50 organisms in the Spillover Model Organisms (Qwen3-14B SDF) collection.