Why the variety set is the interesting one
Dropping below chance is the tell. A model that had learned nothing would score
25%. Scoring 21.5% means the finetune taught surface cues strong enough that
unfamiliar phrasing actively pulls the model toward wrong answers.
The finetune ran with a deliberate anti-contamination protocol, and the protocol
was sound — it just could not measure the thing that went wrong:
- No ArithMark item was trained on. It has no train split; all arithmetic training
data was generated from templates written for this project.
- Every training string was checked against an index of all 16,428 items across
all five scoring splits — exact context, exact context+ending, and 13-gram
overlap. In control tests the guard caught 200/200 real ArithMark items, 200/200
HellaSwag, 200/200 PIQA and 100/100 case/punctuation-edited variants, and it
dropped 221 genuine collisions from the corpus.
- Checkpoints were selected on a held-out dev set, never on the benchmark.
- The arithmetic dev set held out entire template families, not just instances,
specifically to detect memorization. It reported 36.9%.
The independent variety set reported 21.5% — a ~15-point error in the
project's own estimate of its own generalization. The cause is structural: the
same author wrote both the training templates and the held-out ones, so both
shared number ranges, unit phrasing and sentence rhythm. A held-out split cannot
detect distribution-level specialization when you wrote both sides of it.
An earlier iteration was worse: 87.9% against a same-template dev set versus 26.9%
on the real benchmark, a 61-point gap. Holding out template families narrowed that
considerably but did not close it.
Per-topic breakdown (public set)
The profile looks like genuine partial skill, which is why it was convincing:
Table with columns: Topic, Score, Covered by the generator?| Topic | Score | Covered by the generator? |
|---|
| division | 72.2 | yes |
| multiplication | 56.8 | yes |
| subtraction | 48.7 | yes |
| addition | 39.8 | yes |
| patterns | 13.2 | no |
| fractions: counting | 24.0 |
High on covered topics, at or below chance on uncovered ones — the opposite of
what test-set contamination produces. This was taken as evidence that the ability
was real. It is good evidence that the ability was not copied from the test set,
which turns out to be a weaker claim than it appears, and not the same as being
able to do arithmetic robustly.
Takeaway
Benchmark specialization can survive a rigorous contamination audit, honest
dev-set selection, and a plausible-looking capability profile. Detecting it needs
evaluation data the model's author did not write. That is a good argument for
private variety sets, and a caution against trusting held-out splits you built
yourself.
Intended use
This is a research artifact. If you want the general-purpose model, use
the base; if you want a
worked example of narrow benchmark optimisation and how it was detected, this is
it. Training details, architecture and limitations are otherwise identical to the
base model.