Usage
The repository includes a Decision Index engine, dikit_engine.py, with
garas_vbll_engine.py, vbll_core.py, fullft_mem.py, garas_engine.py and garas_core.py. It needs the Decision Index kit:
pip install "git+https://github.com/apolinario/decision-index@9eb2dbe2a358004c8782c66e40a83ac07b953fec"REPO=$(python -c "from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download; print(snapshot_download('plantwaterer/allec'))")PYTHONPATH="$REPO" python -m decision_index run --engine dikit_engine:DikitEngine --option model="$REPO" --compact --out runs/allec
In Python:
import sysfrom huggingface_hub import snapshot_download repo = snapshot_download("plantwaterer/allec")sys.path.insert(0, repo)from dikit_engine import DikitEngine # needs the decision_index kit installed engine = DikitEngine(model=repo) # bf16 on "cuda"; the head runs on the CPUresponse, _ = engine( "The forecast gives a 70% chance of heavy rain this afternoon. The match is outdoors, on grass.", {"plan": {"type": "choice", "instructions": "What should the organisers do?", "criteria": {"play": "Play as planned", "indoors": "Move it indoors", "postpone": "Postpone it"}}, "rain": {"type": "noul", "instructions": "Is heavy rain likely?"}})print(response["answers"])
The inference procedure is as follows:
- Prompts: one prompt per question, with the model's chat template and the options lettered A-Z a-z. A choice question's
options are shown in one fixed non-identity order derived from a hash of the request. Yes / no questions use the options
Yes
and No; when the request gives their definitions (its criteria), they are shown as Yes: <definition> / No: <definition>.
- Read-out: one forward pass per prompt. The final hidden state and the option letters' logits (fp32, with the model's logit
soft-cap) go through the head, on the CPU in float64, which gives the probabilities.
- Batching: the prompts of one request run in packed rows of up to 32,768 tokens, each prompt with its own positions, so a
prompt only attends to itself.
- More than 52 options: handled in two rounds.
- No truncation: a request that does not fit 32,768 tokens is reported as unsupported.
Requirements: one GPU with at least 75 GB (the bf16 weights are 62 GB). Tested on 1 x H100 80GB and 1 x RTX PRO 6000 (96 GB) with
torch 2.14.1 (CUDA 13.0), transformers 5.12.1, huggingface_hub, safetensors and numpy. bf16 results differ slightly between GPU types.
Evaluation
Decision Index 0.3, public panel (37 benchmarks). The run used this repository's weights, head and engine, with the kit's runner
and scorer at commit 9eb2dbe2, in bf16. The full public suite ran as 8 row shards on single GPUs (shards 0, 1, 6 and 7 on H100 80GB,
2 to 5 on RTX PRO 6000), merged without changes. This is our own run of the public kit, not a leaderboard entry. The run files are at
plantwaterer/allec-decision-index.
In that run, the engine's no-truncation check had a bug. Gemma 4's chat template trims the user message, so a state that starts with
whitespace is shown without it, and the check, which looked for the untrimmed state in the prompt, reported every such request as too
long. That hit 309 requests (MMLU-Pro 304, iSarcasmEval 5; the longest of their states is 172 tokens). The engine in this repository
has the fix (garas_engine.state_shown). The 309 requests were run again with it in one resume pass of the kit runner (1 x H100 80GB);
the other 140,311 result lines are unchanged, and their prompts are the same under both versions of the check.
Table with columns: public index, knowledge, language, retrieval, tools, arts | public index | knowledge | language | retrieval | tools | arts |
|---|
| board rule (the test item listed below counted as wrong) | 61.60 | 49.82 | 64.77 | 64.85 | 77.44 | 48.41 |
| as scored | 61.60 | 49.82 | 64.77 | 64.85 | 77.44 | 48.41 |
140,620 requests were run and 140,178 scored after the official exclusions; all of them were answered (0 unsupported, 0 errors). Nothing was truncated. The listed
trained-on test item was already answered wrong, so the two rows are equal.
Latency (our approximation of the board's check, which uses a private sample): the kit runner's per-request wall time on the
four RTX PRO 6000 shards of the run above, one request at a time, 70,161 answered requests (before the fix; the fix does not change
the work per request):
Table with columns: median, mean, 80th percentile| median | mean | 80th percentile |
|---|
| 102 ms | 484 ms | 363 ms |
Overlap with evaluation data
No test split of any benchmark was used. The head's fit and calibration data include train-split rows of CLINC150, GSM8K,
Amazon ESCI, BANKING77 and WinoGrande; the training data include Lichess puzzles (a different dataset from ChessBench's).
An audit of the training text, the head's data included, against the Decision Index public suite found 1 test item that is an
exact or near-exact duplicate of a CLINC150 train-split utterance in the head's fit data: 5:CLINC150+OOS:CLINC150+OOS:test:1591.
It is counted as wrong in the board-rule number above, as the board does for train-split duplicates of test items (see the
Contamination section of the Decision Index methodology).
Licence
The weights and the head are released under Apache-2.0, and the base model, google/gemma-4-31B-it, is Apache-2.0. The training data
come from the sources below, under the licences and terms listed. Some of these sources carry use conditions that apply to the data
itself; they are repeated here: US Census PUMS (never use the data to identify any person or household), NVD (not endorsed or
certified), California DMHC (modified; not official government data), MITRE CVE / CWE (copyright notices below) and XNLI (CC BY-NC
4.0, non-commercial; its translations are part of AmericasNLI).
Data attribution
allec was trained on decision questions built from the public data sources below, plus synthetic questions generated by the
author (no third-party data). Thanks to everyone who builds and maintains them. Records were reformatted, and many were modified
(fields selected, text clipped, identifiers masked), so none of the material should be read as an official copy of its source.
Open data and public records
- GDELT Project: event data. Data from The GDELT Project, https://www.gdeltproject.org/.
- Wikipedia: article text from the English Wikipedia dump of 2023-11-01, via
wikimedia/wikipedia
20231101.en, by Wikipedia contributors.
Licensed CC BY-SA 3.0/4.0 and GFDL. https://en.wikipedia.org/
- Wikipedia Articles for Deletion: deletion debates by English Wikipedia contributors (CC BY-SA 3.0/4.0, GFDL), via the AfD
corpus of Mayfield & Black (2019), https://github.com/emayfield/AFD_Decision_Corpus (the repository's code is GPL-3.0; the
corpus files are distributed separately).
- Wikidata: structured data (CC0 1.0), and Requests-for-deletion discussions by the Wikidata contributors (CC BY-SA 4.0).
https://www.wikidata.org/
- Swiss Judgment Prediction XL: rcds/swiss_judgment_prediction_xl
(Rasiah et al., 2023), CC BY-SA 4.0. Decisions of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, anonymised by the court.
- NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation investigations and complaints (public domain), https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/ffdd/
- openFDA enforcement reports and device recalls, CC0 1.0, https://open.fda.gov/
- ClinicalTrials.gov (US National Library of Medicine), via the ClinicalTrials.gov API v2; data processed by ClinicalTrials.gov on
2026-10-01. Modified: selected registration fields only, free text clipped, trial ids masked, study-status sentences removed. Some
ClinicalTrials.gov data may be subject to third-party copyright outside the United States.
- ClinVar (NCBI): Landrum et al., Nucleic Acids Research 2018, PMID 29165669.
- Orphanet inheritance data, CC BY 4.0, https://www.orpha.net/
- CIViC (civicdb.org), CC0 1.0: Griffith et al., Nature Genetics 2017, PMID 28138153.
- California Department of Managed Health Care, "DMHC IMR Data, 2001 - Current", CC BY,
https://data.ca.gov/dataset/independent-medical-review-imr-determinations-trend. Modified; not official government data.
- NOAA / NWS Storm Prediction Center text products (public domain), via the Iowa Environmental Mesonet, Iowa State University.
- LIGO / Virgo / KAGRA public alerts and the GWOSC event catalogue, CC BY 4.0, by the LIGO Scientific, Virgo and KAGRA
Collaborations. This model uses data obtained from the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center (gwosc.org), a service of the LIGO
Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration and KAGRA.
- USGS PAGER and ComCat (public domain). Population exposure is from ORNL LandScan (CC BY 4.0).
- National Vulnerability Database (NIST, public domain) and CVE records (CVE Terms of Use; Copyright The MITRE Corporation).
CWE: Copyright 2006-2026, The MITRE Corporation; CWE is a trademark of The MITRE Corporation. This product uses the NVD API
but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD.
- American Community Survey PUMS, US Census Bureau (CC0 1.0), with task definitions from
folktables (Ding et al., 2021; MIT). Never to be used to identify any person or
household.
- OpenReview reviews and scores, CC BY 4.0 (titles and abstracts: CC0 1.0), https://openreview.net/
- Lichess open database, CC0 1.0, https://database.lichess.org/
- Amazon ESCI shopping queries, amazon-science/esci-data (Reddy et al., 2022),
Apache-2.0. Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.
- SWE-rebench: nebius/SWE-rebench-openhands-trajectories
(Trofimova et al., 2025), CC BY 4.0.
- Open-Jev: ZefanCai/Open-Jev, CC0 1.0.
- LLM Bayesian Teaching Data: Qiu, L. (2025), Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.17677329, CC BY 4.0.
Research datasets
Table with columns: dataset, reference, licence| dataset | reference | licence |
|---|
| BANKING77 | Casanueva et al., 2020 | CC BY 4.0 |
| CLINC150 | Larson et al., 2019 | CC BY 3.0 |
| GoEmotions | Demszky et al., 2020 | Apache-2.0 |
| GSM8K | Cobbe et al., 2021 | MIT |
| HelpSteer2 | Wang et al., 2024 | CC BY 4.0 |
| Measuring Hate Speech | Kennedy et al., 2020 | CC BY 4.0 |
| IBM Debater ArgQ-Rank-30kArgs | Gretz et al., 2019 | CC BY 3.0 |
| BBQ | Parrish et al., 2022 | CC BY 4.0 |
| CaSiNo | Chawla et al., 2021 | CC BY 4.0 |
| Circa | Louis et al., 2020 | CC BY 4.0 (dataset card; its README links CC BY-SA 4.0) |
| CodeContests | Li et al., 2022 | CC BY 4.0 |
| CosmosQA | Huang et al., 2019 | CC BY 4.0 |
| CommonsenseQA | Talmor et al., 2019 | MIT |
| e-CARE | Du et al., 2022 | MIT |
| Social IQa | Sap et al., 2019 | CC BY 4.0 |
| WinoGrande | Sakaguchi et al., 2019 | CC BY (code Apache-2.0) |
| MedMCQA | Pal et al., 2022 | Apache-2.0 |
| PubMedQA | Jin et al., 2019 | MIT |
| Stanford Politeness Corpus, via ConvoKit | Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al., 2013 | CC BY 4.0 |
| Scruples | Lourie et al., 2021 | Apache-2.0 |
| TabFact | Chen et al., 2020 | CC BY 4.0 |
| QASPER | Dasigi et al., 2021 | CC BY 4.0 |
Through tasksource (Sileo, 2024), each dataset under its own licence as recorded on its
dataset page:
Table with columns: dataset (Hugging Face), licence| dataset (Hugging Face) | licence |
|---|
| hope_edi/english | CC BY 4.0 |
| AndyChiang/cloth | MIT |
| bogdanminko/wildguardmix-cleaned | ODC-BY |
| cambridgeltl/xcopa | CC BY 4.0 |
| copenlu/scientific-exaggeration-detection | GPL-3.0 |
| corypaik/prost | Apache-2.0 |
| declare-lab/cicero | MIT |
| dynabench/dynasent | CC BY 4.0 |
| fancyzhx/amazon_polarity | Apache-2.0 |
| flaitenberger/wnut_17 | CC BY 4.0 |
| GGLab/PARADISE | MIT |
| google-research-datasets/poem_sentiment | CC BY 4.0 |
| google/civil_comments | CC0 1.0 |
| jana4/turingbench-humanized | Apache-2.0 |
| joey234/nan-nli | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| juletxara/xstory_cloze | CC BY-SA 4.0 (translations of the StoryCloze test) |
| lasha-nlp/CONDAQA | Apache-2.0 |
| mteb/NusaX-senti | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| mteb/tweet_sentiment_multilingual | CC BY 3.0 |
| nala-cub/americas_nli | CC BY-SA 4.0 (a translation of a subset of XNLI, whose licence is CC BY-NC 4.0) |
| nedjmaou/MLMA_hate_speech | MIT |
| nvidia/HelpSteer | CC BY 4.0 |
| nvidia/HelpSteer3 | CC BY 4.0 |
| oneonlee/cleansed_emocontext | MPL-2.0 |
| pietrolesci/breaking_nli | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| pietrolesci/gen_debiased_nli | CC BY-SA 4.0, OANC |
| pietrolesci/robust_nli | CC BY-SA 4.0, MIT, OANC |
| pietrolesci/robust_nli_is_sd | OANC |
| pietrolesci/robust_nli_li_ts | OANC |
| pkavumba/balanced-copa | CC BY 4.0, BSD-2-Clause |
| pushpdeep/UltraFeedback-paired | MIT |
| qbao775/PARARULE-Plus | MIT |
| SemEvalWorkshop/sem_eval_2010_task_8 | CC0 1.0 |
| sileod/discovery | Apache-2.0 |
| sileod/mindgames | Apache-2.0 |
| sileod/probability_words_nli | Apache-2.0, CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| stanfordnlp/snli | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| tasksource/arct | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/autotnli | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/babi_nli | BSD |
| tasksource/clcd-english | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/conceptrules_v2 | MIT, custom (see the dataset page) |
| tasksource/corr2cause | MIT |
| tasksource/defeasible-nli | Apache-2.0, MIT |
| tasksource/dynahate | GPL |
| tasksource/ethos | AGPL-3.0 |
| tasksource/google_wellformed_query | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| tasksource/hate_speech18 | CC BY-SA 3.0 |
| tasksource/help-nli | Creative Commons (version not stated), CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| tasksource/I2D2 | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/implicatures | GPL |
| tasksource/logical-entailment | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/lonli | MIT |
| tasksource/monotonicity-entailment | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/multilingual-sentiments | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/recast | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| tasksource/resnli | CC BY 4.0 |
| tasksource/ruletaker | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/scone | CC0 1.0 |
| tasksource/SDOH-NLI | CC BY 4.0 |
| tasksource/sherliic | CC BY 4.0 |
| tasksource/silicone | CC BY-SA 4.0, CC BY 4.0 |
| tasksource/SpaceNLI | MIT |
| tasksource/spartqa-mchoice | MIT |
| tasksource/spartqa-yn | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/starcon | CC0 1.0 |
| tasksource/stepgame | MIT |
| tasksource/subjectivity | MIT |
| tasksource/syntactic-augmentation-nli | MIT |
| tasksource/temporal-nli | Apache-2.0 |
| tasksource/tomi-nli | GPL-3.0 |
| tasksource/universal-joy | GPL |
| tweets-hate-speech-detection/tweets_hate_speech_detection | GPL-3.0 |
| unigram/FOL-nli | Apache-2.0 |
| webis/args_me | CC BY 4.0 |
| zeroshot/twitter-financial-news-sentiment | MIT |
| Zhengping/UNLI | MIT |