Usage
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("thediymaker/gaudi2-fineweb-edu-1b")model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("thediymaker/gaudi2-fineweb-edu-1b", torch_dtype="bfloat16")ids = tok("Photosynthesis is the process by which", return_tensors="pt").input_idsprint(tok.decode(model.generate(ids, max_new_tokens=32, do_sample=False)[0]))
Greedy completions from this checkpoint:
- The capital of France is Paris.
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process is essential for the survival of all living organisms, including humans.
- In 1969, the first person to walk on the moon, Neil Armstrong, was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio.
Model
Table | |
|---|
| Architecture | LlamaForCausalLM: 22 layers, hidden size 2,048, SiLU MLP of 5,632, 32 attention heads with 4 KV heads, RoPE (theta 10,000), RMSNorm, tied input and output embeddings |
| Parameters | 1,069,639,680 |
| Context length | 2,048 tokens |
| Tokenizer | The SmolLM2 tokenizer (HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-135M @ 93efa2f), 49,152 tokens |
| Weights | bf16 (trained with fp32 master weights) |
Data
FineWeb-Edu, default config, revision 87f0914: all 2,410 parquet files, tokenized to 1,598,580,326,400 training tokens. Every token was trained on exactly once. Validation loss is measured on 10M tokens from a held-out file.
Training
Table | |
|---|
| Method | DiLoCo: each worker trains its own copy of the model for one round, then a coordinator averages the workers' parameter changes (weighted by tokens) and applies them with an outer optimizer |
| Workers | Up to 32 workers of 4 Gaudi2 cards each, data-parallel inside a worker. Serving load preempted workers and freed cards started new ones: 30.9 live on average, as few as 16, 658 worker starts in all |
| Inner optimizer | AdamW, betas (0.9, 0.95), weight decay 0.1, gradient clip 1.0, 131,072 tokens per step; peak LR 4e-4, 2B-token warmup, cosine to 4e-5 over the global token count |
| Outer optimizer | SGD with Nesterov momentum 0.9, LR 0.7. 100 chunks of 1,048,576 tokens (800 AdamW steps) per worker per round, after 10 rounds of 50; deltas sent in bf16 |
| Rounds | 503 |
| Precision | bf16 autocast, fp32 master weights and optimizer state |
| Wall clock | 7.2 days |
| Compute | 21,579 Gaudi2 card-hours; 2.56M tokens/s overall (30.8% MFU) |
| Sync overhead | 15.8% of each round |
| Work lost to preemption | 0.4% of trained steps, up to 0.5% counting workers that died mid-round without reporting their steps |
| Final validation loss | 2.079 |
Evaluation
lm-evaluation-harness 0.4.9, bf16, batch size 32, one Gaudi2 card, the same setup for every model below. Scores are acc_norm where the task defines it, else acc; 0-shot except MMLU (5-shot). The reference models were evaluated here, not copied from their cards.
Table with columns: Model, Tokens, HellaSwag, ARC-E, ARC-C, PIQA, WinoGrande, OBQA, LAMBADA, MMLU (5-shot)| Model | Tokens | HellaSwag | ARC-E | ARC-C | PIQA | WinoGrande | OBQA | LAMBADA | MMLU (5-shot) |
|---|
| This model | 1,598.6B | 0.608 | 0.689 | 0.422 | 0.746 | 0.605 | 0.422 | 0.514 | 0.246 |
| This run, 1T milestone | 1,000B | 0.582 | 0.668 | 0.404 | 0.736 | 0.610 | 0.388 | 0.511 | 0.250 |
| This run, 650B milestone | 650B | 0.558 | 0.649 | 0.391 | 0.733 | 0.577 | 0.402 | 0.502 | 0.251 |
| This run, 300B milestone | 300B | 0.530 | 0.628 | 0.358 | 0.717 | 0.590 | 0.386 | 0.488 | 0.264 |
| This run, 150B milestone | 150B | 0.497 | 0.598 | 0.340 | 0.699 | 0.555 | 0.370 | 0.465 | 0.261 |
| This run, 50B milestone | 50B | 0.413 | 0.537 | 0.292 | 0.686 | 0.540 | 0.338 | 0.383 | 0.270 |
| TinyLlama 1.1B base (v1.1) @ ff3c701 | see its card | 0.614 | 0.556 | 0.328 | 0.737 | 0.591 | 0.364 | 0.560 | 0.262 |
| SmolLM2-1.7B @ effd688 | see its card | 0.714 | 0.732 | 0.472 | 0.775 | 0.662 | 0.444 | 0.674 | 0.501 |
MMLU has four choices, so 0.25 is chance: this model and TinyLlama do not score above it at 5-shot.
Limitations
- A base model: it continues text and does not follow instructions. It has no safety tuning and can produce false, biased or offensive text.
- English educational web text only, and a 2,048-token context.
- A test run of the training setup, not a tuned release.
License
Apache-2.0. The training data, FineWeb-Edu, is released under ODC-By 1.0 and is subject to the Common Crawl terms of use. The tokenizer is from SmolLM2 (Apache-2.0).